Answer & Explanation:Please take a look at the attachment and let me know if this is an assignment that can be completed by Monday, 10/10/2016.Also, the answers should not be longer than 250 words.Thanks a Ton!!
potential_questions_for_essay_test_9_25_16_1.docx
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Potential Questions for Essay Test #2:
1. Describe the four major macromolecules, there purpose, and what basic building blocks make them.
2. Describe the properties that make water special.
3. Why is it important to stay in the aerobic zone during exercise if you are looking to burn and lose fat?
4. Describe each process in cellular respiration and how many ATPs are produced during each process
5. Where does the citric acid cycle take place? What macromolecules can feed into the citric acid cycle (think
metabolic pool)? What is the purpose of the citric acid cycle? What is/are the primary products and why are
these products important?
6. Describe how the eye acclimatizes to the dark? What are the chemical reactions that occur in the rods? (250
words or less).
7. What are the steps in the cardiac conduction cycle? Why are intercalated discs important in this process?
8. Describe the roles of osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts.
9. How do parathormone and calcitonin regulate osteoblast and osteoclast activity. What causes calcitonin and
parathormone release. Lastly, describe the actions of vitamin D, the key enzyme controlling vitamin D
synthesis, and how this enzyme is regulated? (this assumes we will cover this when we cover bones….I may
leave it later during hormones).
10. Describe the movement of blood through the heart in detail. In addition, describe how the cardiovascular
system regulates blood pressure.
11. Describe how hair cells work to induce an action potential in the organ of corti.
12. Describe the parts of the autonomic nervous system and what it controls.
13. Describe in detail how an action potential occurs in a neuron. Include the ions typically inside/outside the
cell, the different transporters on the membrane, the change in voltage and why it occurs, how the membranes
are activated, etc. (less than 400 words)
14. What are the steps in skeletal muscle contraction? Skeletal muscle relaxation? What is the purpose of the
dihydropyridine and ryanodine receptors? Include the purposes of actin, myosin, troponon, tropomyosin, ATP,
calcium, creatine phosphate. Also include how we adapt to exercise and in turn improve. (400 words or less)
15. Describe how the Na-K ATPase works?
16. Describe the difference between arteries, veins, and capillaries
17. Describe how antibodies are produced from the adapted immune system. Describe the role of the different
cells and the different cytokines. Include the need for plasma and memory cells.
1. Describe the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases of digestion. What components of the nervous system
and endocrine system are important in these phases? During the gastric and intestinal phases of
digestion/absorption, the endocrine system plays a key role in coordinating the different organs so that juices
and enzymes are released at appropriate times. What are these hormones? What do they do? What hormones
finally block further digestive system action; and do these hormones have other ancillary functions?
2. In detail, describe the female reproductive menstrual cycle. Include the hypothalamic hormones, the ovarian
hormones, and the organs they control. Include the basic changes that occur in the secretory phase occur if a
woman gets pregnant? What are the hormones released to ensure pregnancy continues?
3. Describe in detail how the development of male primary and secondary sexual characteristics occurs.
Include the development of the male brain.
4. Describe how the respiratory system regulates pH, and how pH regulates the rate and depth of breathing –include the equation (15 points).
5. Draw (own drawning) and describe in detail the HPA feedback mechanisms that control: Testosterone
release in males.
6. Draw and then describe in great detail signal transduction as it may occur through a G-protein coupled
receptor that activates the amplifier enzyme adenylate cyclase. Make sure you list the hormone, receptor,
transducer….. for the pathway. Don’t forget the enzymes, hormone receptors, and other processes that inhibit
or repress signal transduction. Lastly, what are some of the plusses of signal transduction through a peptide
hormone compared to the typical functions of a steroid hormone on a ligand activated nuclear receptor.
7. Draw and then describe in 400 words or less the modular nature of a nuclear receptor.
8. Draw and describe how a nuclear receptor is activated and in turn induces transcription. Include information
on integrators (coactivators) as well as the core transcription factors.
9. Describe in detail (400 words or less) how the development of male primary and secondary sexual
characteristics occurs. Include the development of the male brain.
10. Describe in detail (400 words or less) the roles of the hormones involved in parturition. Include
information on how each hormone effects each other and/or different physiological processes.
11. Describe the purpose of insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone (including IGF-1). Compare and contrast
some of their differences and their roles in regulating glucose and protein synthesis.
12. Draw and describe in detail the HPA feedback mechanisms that control: LH release in males, GH release,
ADH release.
13. Draw and describe in detail the regulation of aldosterone. Include the secondary and primary purpose of
hormones produced during its regulatory pathway.
14. Describe some of the major problems or diseases associated with overdoses of lipid soluble vitamins and
specific minerals such as calcium, sodium, and iron.
15. Describe glomerular filtration, tubular absorption, and tubular secretion. How do they work (especially
glomerular filtration) and how do we control tubular secretion and absorption?
…
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